How do athletes perform well under pressure? A meta-study, published in the International Review of Sport & Exercise Psychology, reveals that athletes who perform well under pressure rely on high self-efficacy, mental toughness, and cognitive-behavioral strategies such as pre-performance routines, imagery techniques, and self-talk.
While there has been extensive research on “choking” under pressure, comparatively little is known about the mechanisms that enable “clutch performance”—where athletes thrive despite high stakes. Previous research has focused on preventing performance breakdown, but this meta-study by Jacob R. Hufton and colleagues aimed to consolidate findings on how athletes achieve peak performance under stressful conditions.
The researchers followed a structured four-stage approach, which included meta-data analysis, meta-method analysis, meta-theory analysis, and a final meta-synthesis. They gathered data from 29 qualitative studies, from 543 participants, including 453 athletes, 77 coaches, and 13 sport practitioners. The participants spanned a range of sports and competitive levels, from recreational athletes to elite professionals.
The researchers conducted database searches in September 2022, August 2023, and August 2024, using predefined keywords related to performance pressure in sports. Studies were included only if they were published in peer-reviewed journals, reported original qualitative research, and specifically examined athletes’ or relevant stakeholders’ perceptions of performing under pressure. Data collection in the reviewed studies primarily involved semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and open-ended survey responses. The researchers used thematic synthesis to code and categorize findings.
Self-efficacy emerged as a critical factor in clutch performance. Athletes with high self-efficacy consistently appraise high-pressure situations as challenges to overcome rather than threats to avoid. This strong self-belief grants them greater control over their actions, helping them maintain both composure and focus when it matters most.
Mental toughness was identified as another significant contributor to performance under pressure. Athletes with this quality are better equipped to manage stress and sustain high performance levels throughout competitive events. Similarly important was positive appraisal of situational demands—athletes who interpreted pressure as an opportunity rather than a burden consistently achieved more optimal performance.
The research also identified specific cognitive-behavioral strategies that facilitate excellence under pressure. Pre-performance routines, such as structured warm-up rituals and visualization exercises, were widely reported as effective methods for maintaining consistency and reducing anxiety. Athletes also benefited from simulated pressure training, deliberately practicing under stress-inducing conditions to better prepare for real competition scenarios.
Goal setting proved particularly valuable when objectives were process-oriented rather than outcome-based, helping athletes maintain focus on the immediate task. Self-talk strategies, including positive affirmations and motivational cues, were commonly employed to reinforce confidence and redirect attention toward performance tasks. Another effective technique was cognitive restructuring, which involved reframing negative thoughts into constructive perspectives to maintain mental clarity under pressure.
These findings suggest that a combination of strong psychological attributes and well-practiced strategies can significantly enhance an athlete’s ability to perform at their best in high-stakes situations.
Given the qualitative nature of the studies, interpretations of findings could vary among researchers.
The research, “How do athletes perform well under pressure? A meta-study,” was authored by Jacob R. Hufton, Stewart A. Vella, Scott G. Goddard, and Matthew J. Schweickle.
