A recent study published in the journal Dreaming has shed new light on how emotional abuse and neglect during childhood can lead to frequent disturbed dreaming in young adults. The study found that individuals who experienced higher levels of emotional abuse or neglect as children were more likely to have frequent disturbed dreams, which include both nightmares that wake the dreamer and bad dreams that cause distress but do not wake the person. The research also identified rumination, or the tendency to focus on negative thoughts, as a key factor that mediates this relationship.
Disturbed dreaming is a common yet often overlooked problem that can significantly affect a person’s well-being. Previous research has shown that various forms of childhood trauma, including physical and sexual abuse, are associated with more frequent and intense disturbed dreams. However, emotional abuse and neglect, which are subtler forms of maltreatment, have not been as thoroughly studied in relation to disturbed dreaming. Emotional abuse includes behaviors that harm a child’s self-esteem or emotional well-being, such as verbal insults or rejection, while emotional neglect refers to the failure to provide necessary emotional support, such as affection or encouragement.
The researchers were particularly interested in understanding how these forms of emotional maltreatment might contribute to disturbed dreaming in adulthood. They also wanted to explore the role of rumination—a negative thinking style where individuals obsess over distressing thoughts—and whether it might serve as a bridge linking childhood emotional abuse and neglect to frequent disturbed dreams.
the researchers conducted a study involving 847 university students from Fujian and Guangdong provinces in China. The participants were between 17 and 22 years old, and they completed several questionnaires designed to measure their experiences of emotional abuse and neglect, their tendency to ruminate, the frequency of their disturbed dreams, and the level of social support they perceived in their lives.
The study used the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire to assess emotional abuse and neglect. This questionnaire includes questions that ask participants how often they experienced certain forms of emotional maltreatment during childhood. For example, one item might ask how often a participant felt unloved or unsupported by their parents. Higher scores indicated more severe experiences of emotional abuse and neglect.
Rumination was measured using a separate questionnaire that asked participants to rate how much they agreed with statements about their thinking patterns, such as whether they often think about how they feel and why they feel that way. Again, higher scores indicated a greater tendency to ruminate.
The frequency of disturbed dreaming was assessed by asking participants how often they experienced nightmares or bad dreams over the past year. Responses ranged from “never” to “every night,” providing a measure of how often these disturbed dreams occurred.
Lastly, the researchers assessed social support using a questionnaire that measured how much support participants felt they received from family, friends, and other sources. Higher scores indicated higher levels of perceived social support.
As the researchers hypothesized, emotional abuse and neglect in childhood were strongly associated with more frequent disturbed dreaming in early adulthood. Participants who reported higher levels of emotional maltreatment also reported having more disturbed dreams. This finding suggests that even non-physical forms of childhood trauma can have lasting effects on mental health, manifesting in disturbed dreaming years later.
The researchers also found that rumination played a significant mediating role in this relationship. Specifically, those who had experienced emotional abuse and neglect were more likely to ruminate, which in turn was associated with more frequent disturbed dreaming. This finding supports the idea that how individuals process their emotions and thoughts plays a crucial role in determining the frequency and intensity of their disturbed dreams.
“Taken together, our results partially support the stress acceleration hypothesis of nightmares,” the researchers wrote. “Individuals’ repeated attention to negative events may increase their susceptibility to disturbed dreaming. Therefore, we suggest that rumination may be an internal mechanism towards emotional abuse and neglect, affecting the frequency of disturbed dreaming.”
Interestingly, the study also explored the role of social support in this process. While social support did not appear to directly influence the relationship between emotional abuse and neglect and disturbed dreaming, it did have a significant impact on how rumination affected disturbed dreaming. Participants who reported higher levels of social support were less likely to have frequent disturbed dreams, even if they were prone to ruminating.
This suggests that having a strong support network might help individuals cope better with negative thoughts, reducing the likelihood that these thoughts will translate into disturbed dreaming. “Individuals talk about their concerns in social networks, which helps them vent their emotions and adopt problem-solving measures,” the researchers wrote.
The study, “The Effect of Childhood Emotional Abuse and Neglect on Disturbed Dreaming Frequency: The Important Role of Rumination and Perceived Social Support,” was authored by Bingbing Lin, Ziqing Ye, Yiduo Ye, Kunyan Wang, and Yuanjun Zhang.
