A new study published in the International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction suggests that the fear of missing out plays a key role in linking narcissistic traits with problematic social media use. However, the research also highlights that mindfulness can act as a buffer, helping to reduce the impact of this fear and, in turn, lessen compulsive social media behaviors. These findings provide insight into the psychological factors that contribute to excessive social media use and suggest that mindfulness-based interventions may help address these issues.
Social media has become an integral part of daily life, particularly for young adults. While these platforms can offer social connection and entertainment, they can also lead to excessive or compulsive use that interferes with personal, social, and professional functioning. This pattern, known as problematic social media use, has been linked to various psychological factors, including personality traits and emotional regulation difficulties.
One personality trait that has received significant attention in relation to social media use is narcissism. People with narcissistic tendencies often use social media as a way to seek validation, admiration, or reassurance. Research has identified two main types of narcissism: grandiose and vulnerable. Grandiose narcissism is characterized by confidence, dominance, and attention-seeking behavior, whereas vulnerable narcissism involves insecurity, sensitivity to criticism, and a need for reassurance. Both types of narcissism have been associated with problematic social media use, but the underlying reasons for this connection remain unclear.
Fear of missing out, a psychological phenomenon where individuals feel anxious about being left out of experiences or social events, has been suggested as a potential explanation for why narcissistic individuals engage in excessive social media use. Those with narcissistic traits may feel an increased need to stay constantly connected and updated on others’ lives, leading to compulsive social media engagement. However, not all individuals respond to fear of missing out in the same way. The researchers hypothesized that mindfulness, a psychological trait associated with present-moment awareness and emotional regulation, could help reduce the impact of this fear and, in turn, lower problematic social media use.
To test these ideas, the researchers conducted an online study with 208 young adults between the ages of 19 and 28. Participants completed a series of self-report questionnaires that measured their levels of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, fear of missing out, trait mindfulness, and problematic social media use.
Grandiose narcissism was assessed using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-13, while vulnerable narcissism was measured with the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale. Fear of missing out was evaluated using the Fear of Missing Out Scale, and mindfulness was assessed with the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised. Problematic social media use was measured using the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, which captures behaviors such as excessive preoccupation with social media, difficulty controlling usage, and negative consequences in daily life.
The researchers analyzed the data to determine whether fear of missing out explained the link between narcissism and problematic social media use. They also examined whether mindfulness influenced the strength of this relationship.
The study’s results supported the idea that fear of missing out plays a key role in explaining why people with narcissistic traits are more likely to engage in problematic social media use. Both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism were associated with higher levels of fear of missing out, which in turn was linked to greater problematic social media use. This suggests that individuals with narcissistic traits may turn to social media to stay constantly connected and avoid feelings of exclusion.
Importantly, the study also found that mindfulness reduced the impact of fear of missing out on problematic social media use. Participants who scored higher on trait mindfulness were less affected by fear of missing out, meaning they were less likely to engage in compulsive social media behaviors even if they experienced anxiety about missing out on social events. In contrast, those with lower mindfulness were more susceptible to this effect, reinforcing the idea that mindfulness may serve as a protective factor.
These findings suggest that individuals who are more mindful may be better at recognizing and managing feelings of social comparison or exclusion without feeling compelled to respond by excessively using social media. Instead of reacting impulsively to the fear of missing out, they may be able to focus on the present moment and regulate their emotional responses more effectively.
While the study provides new insights into the psychological mechanisms behind problematic social media use, there are some limitations to consider. First, the study was conducted using a cross-sectional design, meaning that all data were collected at a single point in time. This limits the ability to determine cause-and-effect relationships. Future research using a longitudinal design could help clarify whether fear of missing out directly causes problematic social media use or if other factors are involved.
Another limitation is that the sample consisted primarily of young adults from a specific cultural background. Since social media behaviors and psychological traits can vary across different cultures and age groups, future studies should examine whether these findings hold true in other populations.
Additionally, the study relied on self-report measures, which can be influenced by social desirability bias or inaccuracies in participants’ self-perceptions. Future research could incorporate objective measures of social media use, such as tracking screen time or behavioral data from social media platforms, to provide a more accurate picture of usage patterns.
Despite these limitations, the findings highlight the potential for mindfulness-based interventions to help reduce problematic social media use. Training individuals to be more mindful could help them regulate their emotions more effectively, decreasing the likelihood that they will turn to social media in response to anxiety about missing out. By fostering a greater awareness of the present moment, mindfulness may help individuals develop healthier and more intentional social media habits.
The study, “Narcissism and Problematic Social Media Use: A Moderated Mediation Analysis of Fear of Missing out and Trait Mindfulness in Youth,” was authored by Marco Giancola, Matteo Perazzini, Danilo Bontempo, Enrico Perilli, and Simonetta D’Amico.
